Types of suspended PM include diesel exhaust particles coal fly ash wood smoke mineral dusts, such as coal, asbestos, limestone, and cement metal dusts and fumes acid mists (for example, sulfuric acid) and pesticide mists. Much of the secondary pollutants PM 2.5 consists of created by the condensation of gaseous pollutants-for example, sulfur dioxide (SO 2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2). Suspended PM can be categorized according to total suspended particles: the finer fraction, PM 10, which can reach the alveoli, and the most hazardous, PM 2.5 (median aerodynamic diameters of less than 10.0 microns and 2.5 microns, respectively). For detailed information about industry-specific pollution control methods, see the Web sites of industry sector organizations, relevant international trade union organizations, and the organizations listed above.Īir pollutants are usually classified into suspended particulate matter (PM) (dusts, fumes, mists, and smokes) gaseous pollutants (gases and vapors) and odors. Clearly, disease control measures for people working in or living around a smelter may be quite different from those for people living near a tannery or a brewery. Table 43.1 indicates some of the industrial sectors that can pose significant environmental and occupational health risks to populations in developing countries. Other information sources on environmental health include Yassi and others (2001) and the Web sites of or major reference works by WHO, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics ( ) the International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO ), and other relevant agencies. These numbers may look small, but the contribution from most risk factors other than the "top 10" is within the 0.5 to 1.0 percent range ( WHO 2002).īecause of space limitations, this chapter can give only selected examples of air and water pollution health concerns. These three types of diseases each contribute approximately 6 percent to the updated estimate of the global burden of disease ( WHO 2002).Īs the World Health Organization (WHO) points out, outdoor air pollution contributes as much as 0.6 to 1.4 percent of the burden of disease in developing regions, and other pollution, such as lead in water, air, and soil, may contribute 0.9 percent ( WHO 2002). These estimates include infectious diseases related to drinking water, sanitation, and food hygiene respiratory diseases related to severe indoor air pollution from biomass burning and vectorborne diseases with a major environmental component, such as malaria. This chapter will not repeat the discussion about indoor air pollution caused by biomass burning ( chapter 42) and water pollution caused by poor sanitation at the household level ( chapter 41), but it will focus on the problems caused by air and water pollution at the community, country, and global levels.Įstimates indicate that the proportion of the global burden of disease associated with environmental pollution hazards ranges from 23 percent ( WHO-1997) to 30 percent ( Smith, Corvalan, and Kjellstrom 1999). Nevertheless, public health practitioners and decision makers in developing countries need to be aware of the potential health risks caused by air and water pollution and to know where to find the more detailed information required to handle a specific situation. Nature, Causes, and Burden of Air and Water PollutionĮach pollutant has its own health risk profile, which makes summarizing all relevant information into a short chapter difficult.
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